{"id":22551,"date":"2024-12-17T19:40:37","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T16:40:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/?p=22551"},"modified":"2024-12-17T19:40:39","modified_gmt":"2024-12-17T16:40:39","slug":"bgpnin-temel-kavramlari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/","title":{"rendered":"BGP&#8217;nin Temel Kavramlar\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)<\/strong>, internet \u00fczerindeki y\u00f6nlendirme (routing) i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren, otonom sistemler (AS &#8211; Autonomous Systems) aras\u0131nda veri paketlerinin en iyi yolu izlemesini sa\u011flayan bir protokold\u00fcr. A\u011f m\u00fchendisli\u011fi ve y\u00f6nlendirme d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kritik bir rol oynayan BGP, internetin omurgas\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanabilecek bir yap\u0131 \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Bu yaz\u0131da, BGP&#8217;nin temel kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_71 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">\u0130\u00e7indekiler<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a6f8cbf3d666\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a6f8cbf3d666\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#1_Otonom_Sistem_AS_Nedir\" title=\"1. Otonom Sistem (AS) Nedir?\">1. Otonom Sistem (AS) Nedir?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#2_BGP_Routing_Yonlendirme_Mantigi\" title=\"2. BGP Routing (Y\u00f6nlendirme) Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131\">2. BGP Routing (Y\u00f6nlendirme) Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#3_eBGP_External_BGP_ve_iBGP_Internal_BGP\" title=\"3. eBGP (External BGP) ve iBGP (Internal BGP)\">3. eBGP (External BGP) ve iBGP (Internal BGP)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#4_Peer_Komsuluk_Kurulumu\" title=\"4. Peer (Kom\u015fuluk) Kurulumu\">4. Peer (Kom\u015fuluk) Kurulumu<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#Komsuluk_Durumlari_BGP_FSM\" title=\"Kom\u015fuluk Durumlar\u0131 (BGP FSM):\">Kom\u015fuluk Durumlar\u0131 (BGP FSM):<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#5_BGP_Mesaj_Turleri\" title=\"5. BGP Mesaj T\u00fcrleri\">5. BGP Mesaj T\u00fcrleri<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#6_Prefix_ve_Route_Kavrami\" title=\"6. Prefix ve Route Kavram\u0131\">6. Prefix ve Route Kavram\u0131<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/#Sonuc\" title=\"Sonu\u00e7\">Sonu\u00e7<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Otonom_Sistem_AS_Nedir\"><\/span><strong>1. Otonom Sistem (AS) Nedir?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Otonom Sistem (AS), tek bir y\u00f6netim alt\u0131nda olan ve ortak bir y\u00f6nlendirme politikas\u0131na sahip IP adres bloklar\u0131n\u0131n toplulu\u011fudur. AS&#8217;ler genellikle internet servis sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 (ISP&#8217;ler), veri merkezleri veya b\u00fcy\u00fck kurumsal a\u011flardan olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>AS Numaras\u0131 (ASN):<\/strong> Her otonom sistem, di\u011ferlerinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan benzersiz bir numara (ASN &#8211; Autonomous System Number) ile tan\u0131mlan\u0131r.\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u00d6zel ASN:<\/strong> 64512-65535 aras\u0131nda olan numaralar. (\u00d6rne\u011fin, dahili a\u011flar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Genel ASN:<\/strong> 1-64495 aras\u0131nda olan numaralar. (Kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k BGP yap\u0131land\u0131rmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00d6rne\u011fin:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><code>AS 15169 - Google<br>AS 3356  - Lumen (Eski Level3)<br><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_BGP_Routing_Yonlendirme_Mantigi\"><\/span><strong>2. BGP Routing (Y\u00f6nlendirme) Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP, di\u011fer y\u00f6nlendirme protokollerinden farkl\u0131 olarak <strong>&#8220;path vector&#8221;<\/strong> protokol\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r. Y\u00f6nlendirme kararlar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rken &#8220;en k\u0131sa yol&#8221; mant\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade <strong>politika bazl\u0131<\/strong> kararlar verir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>BGP&#8217;nin Karar Verme S\u00fcreci:<\/strong><br>BGP, bir hedefe giden yolu se\u00e7erken &#8220;path attributes&#8221; (yol nitelikleri) kullan\u0131r ve <strong>en iyi yolu<\/strong> belirler. Bu se\u00e7im s\u00fcreci, a\u011f y\u00f6neticilerinin politikalar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilebilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_eBGP_External_BGP_ve_iBGP_Internal_BGP\"><\/span><strong>3. eBGP (External BGP) ve iBGP (Internal BGP)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP iki ana t\u00fcre ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>eBGP (External BGP):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Farkl\u0131 otonom sistemler aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Genellikle ISP&#8217;ler aras\u0131nda veya bir \u015firket ile ISP aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TTL de\u011feri genellikle 1&#8217;dir (fiziksel ba\u011flant\u0131 \u00fczerinden do\u011frudan \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>iBGP (Internal BGP):<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Ayn\u0131 otonom sistem i\u00e7erisindeki cihazlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>iBGP kom\u015fular\u0131n\u0131n &#8220;full-mesh&#8221; (tam a\u011f yap\u0131s\u0131) mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Route Reflector gibi yap\u0131lar kullan\u0131larak \u00f6l\u00e7eklenebilirlik sa\u011flan\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>eBGP:<\/strong> AS 65001 ile AS 65002 aras\u0131ndaki BGP oturumu<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>iBGP:<\/strong> AS 65001 i\u00e7indeki y\u00f6nlendiriciler aras\u0131nda kurulan BGP oturumu<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Peer_Komsuluk_Kurulumu\"><\/span><strong>4. Peer (Kom\u015fuluk) Kurulumu<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP&#8217;nin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in, iki y\u00f6nlendirici aras\u0131nda <strong>BGP kom\u015fulu\u011fu (peering)<\/strong> kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Peering i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda <strong>TCP 179<\/strong> portu kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve y\u00f6nlendiriciler <strong>Open<\/strong> mesajlar\u0131 ile oturum ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Komsuluk_Durumlari_BGP_FSM\"><\/span><strong>Kom\u015fuluk Durumlar\u0131 (BGP FSM):<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP, oturum kurulumu s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7er:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Idle:<\/strong> BGP oturumu kapal\u0131d\u0131r ve beklemededir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Connect:<\/strong> TCP ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Active:<\/strong> TCP ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zsa yeniden denenir.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>OpenSent:<\/strong> OPEN mesaj\u0131 g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f, ancak hen\u00fcz cevap al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>OpenConfirm:<\/strong> Kar\u015f\u0131 taraftan OPEN mesaj\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131, ba\u011flant\u0131 do\u011fruland\u0131.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Established:<\/strong> BGP oturumu tamamen kuruldu ve art\u0131k <strong>UPDATE<\/strong> mesajlar\u0131 al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fi ba\u015flar.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_BGP_Mesaj_Turleri\"><\/span><strong>5. BGP Mesaj T\u00fcrleri<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP, kom\u015fular\u0131 ile ileti\u015fim kurarken d\u00f6rt ana mesaj t\u00fcr\u00fc kullan\u0131r:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>OPEN:<\/strong> Kom\u015fuluk kurulumunu ba\u015flat\u0131r.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>KEEPALIVE:<\/strong> Kom\u015funun canl\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kontrol eder.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>UPDATE:<\/strong> Rota bilgilerini duyurur veya geri \u00e7eker.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NOTIFICATION:<\/strong> Hata tespit edildi\u011finde BGP oturumunu sonland\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u00d6rnek:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<pre class=\"wp-block-preformatted\"><code>Router A ------> OPEN ------> Router B<br>Router B &lt;------ KEEPALIVE &lt;------ Router A<br>Router A ------> UPDATE ------> Router B<br><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Prefix_ve_Route_Kavrami\"><\/span><strong>6. Prefix ve Route Kavram\u0131<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP, a\u011f adreslerini <strong>&#8220;prefix&#8221;<\/strong> ad\u0131 verilen IP bloklar\u0131 halinde ta\u015f\u0131r. Her bir prefix, bir y\u00f6nlendirme bilgisini temsil eder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Prefix:<\/strong> Belirli bir IP adresi aral\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r (\u00f6rne\u011fin, 192.168.0.0\/24).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Route:<\/strong> BGP taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nan ve bir hedefe nas\u0131l ula\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren yoldur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sonuc\"><\/span><strong>Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGP&#8217;nin temel kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamak, protokol\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma prensibini kavraman\u0131n ilk ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Otonom sistemler, eBGP ve iBGP aras\u0131ndaki farklar, BGP mesaj t\u00fcrleri ve peering mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, a\u011f y\u00f6neticilerinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir BGP konfig\u00fcrasyonu yapabilmeleri i\u00e7in kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir. Bir sonraki ad\u0131mda, BGP&#8217;nin detayl\u0131 yap\u0131land\u0131rma ve sorun giderme konular\u0131n\u0131 ele alabiliriz.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), internet \u00fczerindeki y\u00f6nlendirme (routing) i\u015flemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/\">&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22553,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-22551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ipuclari"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v18.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cenuta.com\/blog\/bgpnin-temel-kavramlari\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"BGP&#039;nin Temel Kavramlar\u0131 - 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